Burdens of History Essay

The British imperial history has long been a fortress of conservative scholarship, its study separated from mainstream British history, its practitioners resistant to engaging with new approaches stemming from the outside – such as feminist scholarship, postcolonial cultural studies, social history, and black history. In this light, Antoinette Burton’s Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, 1865-1915 represents challenges to the limited vision and exclusivity of standard imperial history. Burton’s Burdens of History is part of a budding new imperial history, which is characterized by its diversity instead of a single approach. In this book, the author examines the relationship between liberal middle-class British feminists, Indian women, and imperial culture in the 1865-1915 period. Its primary objective is to relocate â€Å"British feminist ideologies in their imperial context and problematizing Western feminists’ historical relationships to imperial culture at home† (p. 2). Burton describes Burdens of History as a history of â€Å"discourse† (p. 7). By this, she means the history of British feminism, imperialism, orientalism, and colonialism. Throughout the book, the author interposes and synthesizes current reinterpretations of British imperial history, women’s history, and cultural studies that integrate analyses of race and gender in attempts at finding the ideological structures implanted in language. In this book, Burton analyzes a wide assortment of feminist periodicals for the way British feminists fashioned an image of a disenfranchised and passive colonized female â€Å"Other†. The impact of the message conveyed was to highlight not a rejection of empire – as modern-day feminists too readily have tended to assume – but a British feminist imperial obligation. According to Burton, empire lives up to what they and many of their contemporaries believed were its purposes and ethical ideals. Burton based her book on extensive empirical research. Here, she is concerned with the material as well as the ideological and aware of the complexity of historical interpretation. Backed by these, the author particularly examines the relationship between imperialism and women’s suffrage. Burton brings together a remarkable body of evidence to back her contention that women’s suffrage campaigners’ claims for recognition as imperial citizens were legitimated as â€Å"an extension of Britain’s worldwide civilizing mission† (p. 6). Centering on the Englishwoman’s Review before 1900 and suffrage journals post 1900, the author finds an imperialized discourse that made British women’s parliamentary vote and emancipation imperative if they were to â€Å"shoulder the burdens required of imperial citizens† (p. 172). The author shows in Burdens of History how Indian women were represented as â€Å"the white feminist burden† (p. 10) as â€Å"helpless victims awaiting the representation of their plight and the redress of their condition at the hands of their sisters in the metropole† (p. 7). Responding both on the charge that white feminists need to address the method of cultural analysis pioneered by Edward Said and the imperial location and racial assumptions of historical feminisms, Burton explores the images of Indian women within Victorian and Edwardian feminist writing. In her analysis, the author argues that Indian women functioned as the ideological â€Å"Other† within such texts, their presence serving to authorize feminist activities and claims. By creating an image of tainted Oriental womanhood, and by presenting enforced widowhood, seclusion, and child marriage as â€Å"the totality of Eastern women’s experiences† (p. 67), British feminists insisted on their own superior emancipation and laid claim to a wider imperial role. However, while feminists persistently reiterated their responsibility for Indian women, the major purpose of such rhetoric was to institute the value of feminism to the imperial nation. According to the author: â€Å"The chief function of the Other woman was to throw into relief those special qualities of the British feminist that not only bound her to the race and the empire but made her the highest and most civilized national female type, the very embodiment of social progress and progressive civilization† (p. 83). According to Burton, British feminists were, â€Å"complicitous with much of British imperial enterprise† (p. 25): their movement must be seen as supportive of that wider imperial effort. She sustains this argument through an examination of feminist emancipatory writings, feminist periodicals and the literature of both the campaign against the application of the Contagious Diseases Acts in India and the campaign for the vote. Indeed, the greatest strength of this book lies in the fact that Burton has made a n extensive search through contemporary feminist literature from a new perspective. In the process, she recovers some quite interesting subgenres within feminist writing. She shows, for instance, how feminist histories sought to reinterpret the Anglo-Saxon past to justify their own political claims and specifying some characteristic differences between explicitly feminist and more general women’s periodicals. Certainly, Burton’s survey establishes the centrality of imperial issues to the British feminist movement, providing a helpful genealogy of some styles of argumentation that have persisted to the present day. Burdens of History is a serious contribution to feminist history and the history of feminism. In conclusion, Burton states that British feminists were agents operating both in opposition to oppressive ideologies and in support of them-sometimes simultaneously, because they saw in empire an inspiration, a rationale, and a validation for women’s reform activities in the public sphere. Her arguments are persuasive; indeed, once stated, they become almost axiomatic. However, Burton’s work is to some extent flawed by two major problems. First, the author never compares the â€Å"imperial feminism†; rather she locates in her texts to other imperial ideologies. In addition, Burton does not subject imperialism to the same kind of careful scrutiny she turns on feminism. She does not define â€Å"imperialism† in her section on definitions, but uses the term – as she uses â€Å"feminism† – largely to denote an attitude of mind. Another problem is Burton’s failure to address the question of how feminist imperialism worked in the world more generally. It is true that feminists sought the vote using a rhetoric of cross-cultural maternal and racial uplift, however, one may ask: what were the effects of this strategy on the hearing accorded their cause, on wider attitudes toward race and empire, and, more specifically, on policies toward India? The author not only brushes aside such questions; she implies that they are unimportant. It seems that, for Burton, the ideological efforts of British feminists were significant only for British feminism. It can be argued that Burton’s difficulty in tracing the way Burdens of History works in the world is a consequence of her methodological and archival choices. The problem is not that the author has chosen to approach her subject through a â€Å"discursive tack† (p. 27), but rather that she has employed this method too narrowly and on too restrictive range of sources. While the author has read almost every piece of feminist literature, she has not gone beyond this source base to systematically examine either competing official documents, Indian feminist writings, or imperial discourses. Thus, Burton’s texts are treated either self-referentially or with reference to current feminist debates. Overall, Burton’s approach is useful in providing a critical history for feminism today, Certainly, it is as a critique of Western feminism’s pretensions to universal and transhistorical high-mindedness that Burdens of History succeeds. However, if one wishes to map out the impact of imperial feminism not only on feminism today, but also on imperial practices and relations historically, one needs a study that is willing to cross the border between political history and intellectual history and to take greater methodological risks.

How to Teach Values Education in a Corrupt Society? Essay

In our corrupt society, there is one line attached to all the corrupt officers of the government, the line goes like this, â€Å"It is all right to steal provided you do not get caught.† Despite the dysfunctional environment we find ourselves in today, teachers need to teach and reinforce essential values in everyday schooling. These begin with values we learn at home and end with societal norms we need to advocate to make this country of ours a functioning democracy. Honesty and integrity is the first should students understand and acquire. Tell the truth, demand the truth and stand by the truth. Second is Responsibility. Act truthfully and people will give you their trust and confidence. Account for your actions and people will follow you. Third is Courage. Take charge of your actions. Do what is right, even if difficult. Stay the course even when others criticize you. Be brave in whatever you do. Fourth is Respect to others. Look out for others, give them due respect and they will respect you in return. And the last one is Love of country. This country is our reflection. This will tell the world if we Filipinos can compete and gain their respect. Although the depressing failure of many of our national and local leaders to become role models, the media, our schools, the religious should take effort to inculcate among everyone, young and old. Considering the present situation in our country, every effort must be made to receive our old values. Difficult as it may seem – at least we could try and try again and to be every persistent to the very end.

History of Gaelic Football Essay

Gaelic Football has been a vital part of the Irish culture for many generations. It is a sport that brings together people in such a way that soccer does in Brazil, baseball in the U.S. and hockey in Canada. The history of Gaelic Football is very rich and passionate and even today is still an excellent display of national pride. The origins of the modern sport of Gaelic Football derive from the Irish sport of Hurling. Hurling has been a sport that has been played for over 4000 years ever since the first feast of Lunagsha in the Tailteann games (Orjan, 2006). The first known date for a Gaelic Football game was in 1670 in County Meath Ireland and the teams were 6-a-side (Orjan, 2006). They used many of the same rules of Hurling but used a larger, softer ball and no hurls. Every four steps, instead of bouncing the ball off their hurley, they would either bounce the ball or drop it to their foot and kick it back up again. The sport can be best described as a mixture of soccer and rugby. Games started to be played between counties in the early 18th century (Biege, 2007). The sport, in a completely different form, was played as far back as the 14th century and it was a very violent game. The game was played with many balls made of horsehide and involved hundreds of players and was over a great distance (Orjan 2006). The sport involved many stops for wrestling and fist fighting. The Irish some what of the same ideals as the romans that Trd Temertzoglou and Paul Challen quoted: â€Å"a sound minde in a sound body† (Exercise science, 2003, pg. 295,  ¶ 6) as they considered the game just as much an important social event as it was a sporting event and the would hold a large celebration after each match (Orjan, 2006). This sport was only well documented in County Kerry and was called Caid (Coughlan, 2001). In the modern sport of Gaelic Football, up until about 150 years ago, violence was a large part of the game (Couhlan, 2001). Even as the game became more and more structured and teams consisted of the same number of players and the game was played on a marked field with referees, violence was still widely accepted and fights were not interrupted. The sport has always had very strong social ties that surround the sport. Most teams even have a regular pub where all the players and many club supporters go after every game, whether they win or loose. Most clubs are more then just a sports team, most host many social events and act as a club for people from each County or city. The sport has the pureness of an amateur sports league but is watched and supported by the nearly the entire country and it is much like Australian rules football. Today, there is more then 2,500 clubs worldwide and an estimated 182,000 players. The sport in recent years has been able to thrive with a new emphasis on promoting the sport. However, in the early 14th century until 1527, there was a ban on all Gaelic games to reinforce the political power of the British. Again in the 1840’s it was a serious threat that the sport might be lost as the potato famine came and people did not have the energy to play the sport and many people were leaving the country. In recovery after the potato famine, the sport began to flourish. People in Ireland began to play the sport even more to show independence from England and now there were many Irish immigrants in North America and the sport began to spread. Gaelic Football as a sport has developed and changed greatly through out its history from a brutally violent game to an amazingly fast paced and skillful sport. The modern game is played on a pitch that is 130m – 145m in length and 80m – 90m wide for 70 minute at senior level football and is broken down into two 35-minute halves (History of Gaelic Football,  ¶ 7). The goal posts are 6.5m apart and a minimum of 7m tall with a crossbar at 2.5m and the goal is situated in the center of the goal line at either end of the field (History of Gaelic Football,  ¶ 7). Players are given numbers 1-15 and their number is in accordance with their position. There are 3 full backs, 3 half backs, 2 midfielders, 3 half forwards, 3 full forwards and a goalie on each team and the game is played man-on-man style so you start the game next to the player you are marking and stay with them throughout the game. There are two ways to score points in Gaelic Football. The first is to kick the ball past the goalie, which gets you 3 points, and the second way is to strike the ball either with your fist or your foot, and kick the ball over the crossbar and between the posts for 1 point. The type of ball used in Gaelic football is about the size of a soccer ball and slightly heavier. The ball can be carried in your hands for 4 steps and then you have to either get rid of the ball by striking it with your hand or kicking it or, to continue running with the ball, you can hop or solo the ball. A hop is bouncing the ball, and can only be used once in a row and the alternative is to solo the ball which is where you drop the ball to your foot and kick it back up to your self and this action can be repeated unlimited amounts of times in a row. There is a large physical presence as well in Gaelic Football. It has toned down the brutality of the sport since its original, but hard contact made shoulder to shoulder when challenging for the ball is still a legal part of the game (Orejan, 2006). The sport of Gaelic Football has changed so much in many ways, but in others, it has remained very much the same. The game has developed into a fantastic sport that requires a lot of coordination and skill. And at the same time, the culture and social aspects of the sport are so much the same. The lack of professional athletes in the sport really brings a different aspect to the sport. Everyone plays for pride and respect from the County or city they grew up in and do there best to represent their people. References Biege, B. (2007). Gaelic Football – Gaelic Games – Sporting Events in Ireland. Ireland Travel – Traveling to and in Ireland – Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland Vacations. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http://goireland.about.com/od/specialinterestholidays/qt/gg_football.htm Coughlan, C. (2001). History of Gaelic Football. About Gaelic Football. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from homepage.eircom.net/~lahardanemchales/about.html History of Gaelic Football. Boston GAA. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http://www.bostongaa.org/gaelic-games/history-of-gaelic-football.html Orejan, J. (2006). The History of Gaelic Football and the Gaelic Athletic Association. The Sport Management and Related Topics Journal, 2(2), 45-50. Retrieved December 6, 2012, from http://www.thesmartjournal.com/GAA.pdf Temertzoglou, T., & Challen, P. (2003). History of Physical Education and Sport. Exercise Science An Introduction to Health and Physical Education, 1, 295

Industry Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Industry Analysis - Essay Example The fundamental ruleof the industry is based on sharing the risk than the transfer of the same (Hassan & Lewis,  2007). The banks in the industry act as the financial intermediary that is investment banking hence transacting mortgages. In mortgage transactions, the banks purchase the items from the sellers and re-sell them in the market at a profit instead of lending the money to the buyer to make purchases. It is a fallacy to purport that when an industry performs nicely in one period continues at the same pace in future. It is uncertain because the business world very competitive. Each industry tries to gain a competitive position by producing high-quality products and services and tailoring them to their customers (Agawam, 2010). This is done courtesy of customer loyalty. Additionally, industries strive to effectively and sufficiently utilize the resources available to generate revenue and consequently profits. For an industry to have a stay in the industry, it must be in a position to generate high profits to cater for the payment of shareholders through dividends and payment of other stakeholders like employees, the government, suppliers and creditors. The business environment is dynamic and the following are the factors that can cause the industry not to perform well in future. Firstly, it can be observed by financial analysts that the costs of providing the products and services vary from one fiscal year to another. Holding other items of the income statement constant, an increase in such costs will lead to a decline the profits of the industry. The industry can, therefore, be forced to borrow funds externally to finance its business, and this increases the financial risk to the industry. The industry has got a vast geographical area of operation and this call for theforeign exchange of currency for its transactions. Unfavorable movement in the exchange rates (increase in exchange rates) will adversely affect the operations

Is Iran a threat to the U.S Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is Iran a threat to the U.S - Research Paper Example Iran’s military also plans for a three-stage missile capable to hit targets some 3700 km away4. Despite Iran’s repeated assurances that its nuclear program is for purely peaceful purposes, the West and Israel believe that the Islamic Republic is striving to obtain a nuclear weapon, which is more or less substantiated by the latest IAEA’s report on the issue5. Alternatively, Iran doesn’t pose any serious threat to the United States because of the reasons below: Iran’s economy is suffering heavy blows with the country’s oil revenues being dramatically slashed and other trade disrupted due to the international sanctions6. This would eventually hamper both the country’s geopolitical ambitions and military programs; The expansion of the Iranian ballistic missile arsenal, along with both space and nuclear programs, will drain the country’s resources sooner or later; The military capabilities of United States overwhelmingly exceed even the most unbridled wishes of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards; Iran has recently declared that welcomes a US offer of bilateral nuclear talks. With all the ambiguity of the possible outcome, such talks have the potential for a certain reconciliation7; The so-called Arab spring, or its after effects, whatever the case might be, would eventually reach the Islamic Republic. Weighing the Pros and Cons The US-Iran relations have gone from bad to worse ever since the Shah’s fall from power in 19798. The hostage crisis, which lasted for 444 days, along with the American support for Saddam Hussein and the number of armed incidents involving US and Iranian air and naval units during the Iran-Iraq war, brought about a deep crisis in the bilateral relations9. The first Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, had demonized the US as the â€Å"Great Satan† in 1979, which image was projected across the Middle East and beyond, as well as deeply embedded in anti-American rhetoric10. Not surprisingly therefore, Hezbollah’s leader Nasrallah stated in 2002 - one year after 9/11 – that â€Å"our hostility to the Great Satan is absolute†11. Accordingly, Iran was placed on the list of rogue states, alongside Cuba, Burma, North Korea, etc., and was designated by the President George W. Bush as one of the countries that constitute the â€Å"Axis of Evil†12. The current Supreme Leader of Iran, Ayatollah Khamenei, is renowned for his animosity to the US13, and if his power and the survival of the Islamic theocracy are in danger, he would not hesitate to order strikes against US targets within the operational range of the Iranian ballistic missiles, including military and civilian installations, as well as against key American allies, most notably Israel. The anti-Semitic and anti-American rhetoric of the incumbent president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad also implies such a possibility, although the real clout in Iran belongs to Ayatollah Khamenei and the circle around him. What makes the situation particularly precarious, however, is the fact that

What were the significant issues of American foreign policy under Essay

What were the significant issues of American foreign policy under President Theodore Roosevelt Explain - Essay Example This policy of non-intervention continued until the end of the nineteenth century, when a call for America to pursue a more proactive role in world affairs, in keeping with her position as a great power, began to gain popularity. Its chief adherents were in the Republican Party, and consisted of Theodore Roosevelt, Admiral Alfred Mahan, John Hay and Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, who advocated America’s adoption of â€Å"the large policy† committed to the expansion of U.S. influence and territory overseas (Raico, 1995). President Theodore Roosevelt may be considered the chief architect of America’s new foreign policy of active intervention in global affairs. Theodore Roosevelt was born on 27 October, 1858, in New York City. He graduated from Harvard and went on to study Law at Columbia University, dropping out in pursuit of interest in politics, and winning a seat in the New York Assembly in 1882. He subsequently served as Civil Service Commissioner, President of the New York City Police Board and Assistant Secretary of the Navy. As the commandant of the ‘Rough Riders’ regiment, he was a hero in the Spanish-American War. He became the Governor of New York State in 1898 and then the Vice-President under President McKinley in 1900. On McKinley’s assassination in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became the President of the United States and remained in that office until 1909. Roosevelt extended the influence and stature of the executive, introduced conservation and progressive reforms through welfare measures, government regulation of big business and his ‘Square Deal’ approach to domestic economy and social justic e. Roosevelt died on 6 January, 1919. (Miller Center of Public Affairs website). President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on an aggressive foreign policy geared to make America the most influential force in global affairs. In keeping with his diplomatic motto to â€Å"speak softly

The Rocking-Horse Winner VS. Janus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Rocking-Horse Winner VS. Janus - Essay Example The lady portrayed in the story by Lawrence is Paul’s mother â€Å"Hester,† who finds her marriage to be unlucky as she is unable to cope up with the poor financial situation of her married life. She even feels that her children are a burden for her. The story opens with the line â€Å"woman who was beautiful, who started with all the advantages, yet she had no luck† (Lawrence). Hester is blessed with three children and her son Paul is shown as a strange character who after receiving the rocking horse gets a strange power, which helps him to predict the horse race winners correctly. He makes a good amount of money out of this and tries to help his mother so that she can pay off the debts. Instead of clearing the debts, she squanders the money for their stylish living. This shows that the lady has a sick desire for money. The story ends with the tragic death of Paul after falling from the horse. In Ann Beatties’s â€Å"Janus,† the protagonist’ s name is Andrea, and she is a successful real estate agent who believes in her lucky bowl. When she gets a buyer for the house, â€Å"she places the bowl in the house that was up for sale† (Beattie 595). This indicates that she was a blind believer of her luck, which she thought relied on the bowl. She credits her achievement to the bowl that is often also admired by the buyers. The story starts with the introduction of bowl – â€Å"The Bowl was perfect,† as the author puts it.

The solar energy industry with a focus on the SunPower Corporation Essay

The solar energy industry with a focus on the SunPower Corporation - Essay Example In every 44 seconds the amount of the solar energy that is intercepted by the Earth while rotating on its axis is greater than the total amount of energy used worldwide in a whole year (HD Solar, 2008). According to a January, 2007 issue of the Financial Times, â€Å"While the evidence for the need of an alternative source of energy is mounting, it is encouraging to note that millions are invested in tackling climate change through the use of clean energy. Calculations suggest that global expenditure on curbing the effects of climate change could be $1,000 billion within five years† (Tang, K. & Yeoh, R., 2007). However, the currently scenario of the solar power industry is presents a picture that is far from encouraging. The depression waves of the global financial downturn are being felt by the solar industry too. The ongoing credit crunch and the frozen credit markets have hampered the solar industry, which is presently struggling due to the lack of funding options for the development of new projects and that has resulted in driving up the supplies and sent prices on the solar panels falling. The SunPower Corporation is a solar products and services company that was founded in 1985. The company is headquartered at San Jose, California, USA and employs a total of 5,400 employees. The company is involved in the designing, manufacturing and the marketing of high-performance solar thermal power technologies. The company offers solar power products such as the solar panels solar cells and the inverters that are based on the proprietary technologies and processes for a wide plethora of residential, commercial and as well as the power plant purposes. In addition to these services the company also offers services as in energy efficiency which includes project management, recommendations on energy audits and technology and equipment retrofits services catering

Collective bargaining report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Collective bargaining report - Assignment Example It is worthy noting that, collective bargaining is a recognized approach of creating a system of industrial jurisprudence. It acts as a method of introducing civil rights in the industry. It is vital to note that, this procedure enhances management by rules and diminishes management characterized by arbitrary decision-making. More over, collective bargaining is a proven procedure that aid in the establishment of regulations, which define and restrict the traditional authority exercised by the management. There are numerous benefits attributed to collective bargaining process2. They include chances of increasing the strength of the employees consequently their bargaining capacity as a team. On the same note, this study establishes that, collective bargaining increases the self-esteem and productivity of the workforce3. Furthermore, it restrains management’s freedom for arbitrary and unilateral actions against the employees. In addition, collective bargaining has played a fundam ental role in ensuring that, fair settlement of the workers’ grievances is secured. This is possible through the provision of a flexible approach for the adjustment of wages and employment conditions to economic and technological changes in the business. This is owing to the reduced chances for conflicts4. On the side of the employers, collective bargaining aid in easier resolving of issues at the bargaining point rather than taking up complaints of individual employees. In addition, collective bargaining widens the channel of communication amid the employees and thereby reducing the cost of labour turnover to management consequently increases employee involvement in decision-making. Furthermore, collective bargaining is fundamental in resolving industrial disputes. Besides benefits of collective bargaining towards both the employee and the employer, this study examines the gains of collective bargaining attributed to the society. The society gains in terms of industrial peac e stability in the country. More over, it facilitates the establishment of a harmonious industrial climate that aid the country to grow economically and socially. Another significant benefit credited to collective bargaining to the society involves constant check of worker’s exploitation and discrimination. The process of negotiation and substance bargaining is complex since it entails numerous stages, which sometimes remain derailed due to disagreements and conditions. Evaluation and selection strategy A negotiation process starts with evaluation and selection of a strategy, which is intended to guide the problem solving5. This normally involves diverse approaches or procedures of mediation or arbitration. Making contact with other parties The second stage involves making contact with the other party or parties this stage enhances building of personal credibility and promoting commitment tot he procedures set. Collection and analysis of background information The third stage involves the collection and analyzing the background information. The relevant information collected is fundamental in understanding the dynamism exhibited by the participants. In addition, it enhances verification of the data accuracy and minimizes unavailable data. Designing of the negotiation plan The fourth stage involves designing of a detailed plan for negotiation. This

Australian Occupational Health & Safety BSBOHS406C Use equipment to Essay

Australian Occupational Health & Safety BSBOHS406C Use equipment to conduct workplace monitoring - Essay Example A high increase in the level of noise will lead to hearing loss in human beings. When workers are exposed to a noisy environment, it leads to stress and anxiety in them, so the employees are unable to give their full concentrate towards their job. Noise levels were measured with the sound level meter at various locations along the workshop fenced perimeter, along the exterior walls at door openings of the main workshop and internally at various centralised points (Oceanic Steel Workshops Noise Level Survey, 8 Kay McDuff Drive, Bundaberg Q 4670, 5th March 2009 Audit undertaken /3/2009: authorised K Philips, Director, page 3). In a particular work area, one can conduct noise audit by placing measuring devices/ meter in various sections of the workplace. Hearing problems in workers can be reduced by using ear muffs. Industries that produce unbearable noise must be based away from public places (hospital, school etc) so that the surroundings remain normal. For the survey, a Bruel & Kjear (BK) Type 2237 â€Å"Controller† Integrating Sound Level Meter (Calibration due 19/5/2010) was used at the time of audit and calibrated prior to the exercise with a BK Type 4230 Sound Level Calibrator set @ 93.8 ( ±3) dB (A) (page 3). ... Light is produced through pipe work, welding, grinding and cutting of metal sheets. There is a relation between noise and light within the industry. When a task is being done e.g.: grinding and cutting of a metal sheet, such activities require light in odder to work and this further produces noise. According to a fact in Australian industries â€Å"that a number of internal readings exceed 75 or 80 dB (A) would be sufficient reason to apply a basic enforcement ruling on hearing protection if necessary, upgrade the ruling based upon further noise level monitoring results† (Page 5). If the power tools are not handled with care, it may cause harm to the employees such as loss of life. Interior light is very vital to a firm, since most of the task is carried on with its help. Australian Standards documentation and/or Code of Practice and instrument of safe level of oxygen in a confined space: A confined space refers to the hazards associated with a set of specific circumstances (C onfined space, Code of Practice 2011, Workplace Health and Safety Queensland, Department of Justice and Attorney-General, page 5) not since work is done in a small area. People cannot work in a confined space because it causes a lot of danger and since a confined space is a small area, which has no ventilation, there is no inflow of safe level of oxygen and this causes a hazardous atmosphere. Workers working in such an area face a lot of trouble and danger, as their work is a highly risky one. Air normally contains 21% of oxygen by volume, although oxygen levels of 19.5% — 23.5% by volume are considered to be safe. Some situations can cause the level of oxygen to dramatically decrease, leading to an oxygen-deficient atmosphere and possible

Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Logistics - Essay Example In the near future, low-cost RFID â€Å"electronic product codes† or â€Å"smart-labels† may be a realistic substitute for optical barcodes on customer items. Unluckily, the worldwide consumption of RFID devices in consumer items may expose innovative security and privacy risks not present in closed manufacturing environments (Benny, 2002). One auto-ID system missing the flaws of optical barcodes is supported by radio frequency identification (RFID). The name â€Å"RFID† could be applied to systems in use for more than sixty years. Possibly the earliest radio identification technology was the â€Å"Identify Friend† system used in Allied aircraft throughout World War II. In 1940, the British Royal Air Force prepared aircrafts with radio transponders that would take action when interrogated. RFID transponders take object classifying information. This information may comprise the producer, product, model and a distinctive serial number. Cooperatively, this information is frequently referred to as the tag’s identity, or simply as ID. An identity may be of any length. Mostly, a 96 bit identity would be sufficient for most functions. RFID tags comprise a little microchip connected to an antennae or other pairing component. The tag corresponds by means of radio frequencies with a transceiver. The tag identity may be read automatically devoid of line of sight, through non-conducting matter for instance cardboard or paper, at a speed of several hundred reads per second and starting a distance of several meters. RFID systems have come into view as a realistic auto-ID stand in industries as wide-ranging as automobile manufacturing, microchip fabrication and even cattle herding. The final example is in fact one of the first commercialized RFID systems. A strong RFID tag with a distinctive identity was connected to each cow’s ear, permitting herders to follow a specific animal in addition to take temperature readings. These tags could

Human Organ Donation Opinion Paper Essay Example for Free

Human Organ Donation Opinion Paper Essay Organ Transplants Everyday there are horrific accidents where people become so damaged that their organs fail to work. Or their organs have just had enough abuse and decide that it’s time to give up. Well this can all be fixed using organs from other people who have died but their organs or that one particular organ is intact because they died of other causes. Organ transplanting is so great that some people have even taken it into their own hands to sell and transplant organs, which is not the best way to do this. Organ transplanting has changed the world for the best, however, some may ask why organ transplanting or what are the benefits to this? Well there are many benefits! First thing to know is that there are several different types of transplants. These include heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, and all the major organs. If one is suffering from a deadly heart disease or has a failing heart, and regular surgery and standard therapy no longer apply, the doctors can now implant a new heart so the patient has more time to live their life. How cool is that?! This procedure can be done with almost every organ in the human body! If you are wondering why you need to know this, it’s because you do. Someday it may be you on that operation table receiving a new lung or a new heart. The truth is everyone is a possible target for organ failure and if you are more aware of what is happening around you, maybe you will be more understanding when it possibly happens to you. There are alternatives however. One may be, as far out as this may sound, a criminal who has been injured in a heist. He may not want to go to the hospital because he will be seen and caught. Therefore he turns to the black market for organs. Though the organs here are a little more unsanitary, they can be implanted in a makeshift operation room. The reason there is an organ black market is due to the sole fact that people want money. They will sell their unneeded organs (kidneys for example) for money. And if you live in the slums of Brazil, where the majority of the organs come from, the money can be a life saver, even if it is only 6,000 to 10,000 dollars. Do not get it into your mind that only criminals use the black market, leaving out the fact that the black market is illegal and using it makes you a criminal. People living in countries with no pre-paid health care system may not have enough money to go to a hospital and pay ridiculous amounts of money for a new organ. This is when they turn their back on the hospital and turn to the black market, who is welcoming them with open arms. If that person doesn’t mind something a little more unsterile then a hospital, then the black market is the right place for them. However they are now criminals because the black market is illegal. The black market also will buy out some criminally minded funeral homes and carve up the bodies for some extra skin tissue or some of the organs. This is one of the reasons why the black market illegal. In conclusion, I think that the idea of carving up dead bodies without consent is wrong, but I do believe that people who are alive and wanting to sell a kidney should be allowed to do so. So basically I think that the black market is not such a bad thing but some people take it too far and those are the people who should pay for their crimes. References Canadian Society of Transplantation. (n.d.). Canadian Society of Transplantation. Retrieved February 25, 2013, from http://www.transplant.ca/pubinfo_organtrans.htm Canadian Transplant Society | Canada Transplant. (n.d.). Canadian Transplant Society | Canada Transplant. Retrieved February 25, 2013, from http://www.cantransplant.ca/ Organ and Tissue Transplantation and Alternatives by BCC Research in Blood Supply, Tissue Banking, Transplantation, United States. (n.d.). MarketResearch.com Market Research Reports Business and Industry Analysis. Retrieved February 25, 2013, from http://www.marketresearch.com/BCC-Research-v374/Organ-Tissue-Transplantation-Alternatives-6122367/ Scheve, T. (n.d.). HowStuffWorks The Organ Black Market. HowStuffWorks Science. Retrieved February 25, 2013, from http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/human-biology/organ-donation7.htm

Effect of Fat: Assessment of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient

Effect of Fat: Assessment of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Abstract Objectives: Recent studies have indicated that excessive fat may confound assessment of diffusion in organs with high fat content, such as the liver and breast. However, the extent of this effect in the kidney, which is not considered a major fat deposition site, remains unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that renal fat may impact DWI parameters, and proposes a three-compartment model (TCM) to circumvent this effect. Methods: Using computer simulations, we investigated the effect of fat on assessment of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), intravoxel incoherent-motion (IVIM) and TCM-derived pure-diffusivity. In domestic pigs fed a high-cholesterol (Obese) or normal diet (Lean) (n=7 each), DWI parameters were calculated using IVIM and correlated to renal histology. IVIM-derived pure diffusivity was also compared among 15 essential hypertension (EH) patients classified by BMI (high vs. normal). Finally, pure diffusivity was calculated and compared in 8 patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) and 5 healthy subjects using IVIM and TCM. Results: Simulations showed that unaccounted fat results in the underestimation of intravoxel incoherent-motion (IVIM)-derived pure-diffusivity, particularly at lower fat contents. Moreover, TCM, which incorporates highly diffusion-weighted images (b>2500s/mm2), could correct for fat-dependent underestimation. Animal studies confirmed lower ADC and pure-diffusivity in Obese vs. Lean pigs with otherwise healthy kidneys. Similarly, EH patients with high BMI had lower ADC (1.9 vs. 2.110-3 mm2/s) and pure-diffusivity (1.7 vs. 1.910-3mm2/s) than those with normal BMI.   Pure-diffusivity calculated using IVIM was not different between the ARAS and healthy subjects, but TCM revealed significantly lower diffusivity in ARAS. Conclusions: Excessive renal fat may cause underestimation of renal ADC and pure-diffusivity, which may hinder detection of renal pathology. Models accounting for fat contribution may help reduce the variability of diffusivity calculated using DWI. Keywords: Renal adiposity, Diffusion-weighted imaging, intravoxel incoherent motion, obesity.   Ã‚   Over the past two decades, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has evolved to an important tool for studying neurological disorders (1-3), while application of this method for characterization of abdominal pathological conditions awaited improved hardware and robust pulse sequences over nearly a decade (4). In the kidney, DWI has been used to investigate chronic kidney disease (CKD) (5), renal lesions (6), and deteriorating allografts (7). Nevertheless, the contribution of tubular flow and hemodynamics to the apparent diffusion constant (ADC), the diffusion quantitative index of the single compartment mono-exponential model, complicates tissue characterization and renal DWI analysis (8). This encouraged implementation of models incorporating a larger number of compartments to differentiate pure diffusion from pseudo-diffusive components. Indeed, in the kidney the intra-voxel incoherent motion (IVIM) analytical method, which utilizes a two-compartment model associated with pure diffusion and flow, showed superiority over the mono-exponential decay model (9, 10). However, recent studies on hepatic DWI identified fat as a potential third compartment with a significant confounding effect (11, 12), even in non-steatotic livers (13, 14) or other organs (15). Abdominal DWI is typically performed using an echo-planar imaging (EPI) readout, which uses a water-only excitation. Selected excitation or fat suppression methods prevent contribution of the fat signal associated with peaks spectrally distant from water, but cannot effectively eliminate the signal from fat components with resonance frequencies close to water proton frequency. For instance, peaks between 4.2-5.3 ppm associated with triglycerides, which account for nearly 8.7% of the total in vivo fat content, remain unsuppressed (11). Moreover, in the kidney, which is located in the vicinity of bowel, susceptibility artifacts may significantly reduce the efficacy of spectral fat suppression. Because the diffusion constant of lipid molecules is orders of magnitude smaller than that in water an d remains nearly unattenuated over the conventional range of b-values, the amplitude of the fat signal, especially at high b-values, can be prominent compared to the attenuated water signal (16), and therefore has a considerable impact on DWI parameters assessment (17). The epidemic of obesity stresses the importance of characterization of the effect of ectopic fat on DWI parameters, particularly in subjects with high body mass index (BMI). Increased renal adiposity (18, 19) may potentially interfere with interpretation of DWI in the kidney in obese subjects, but to date this effect has not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of renal fat accumulation and suboptimal suppression on DWI parameters. We investigated this effect using computer simulations and verified the error in a large animal model of obesity, and in healthy subjects and in the presence of renal pathological conditions in humans. We hypothesized that residual MR signal from fat causes underestimation of renal ADC and IVIM pure-diffusivity, the magnitude of which may approximate a reduction in these parameters elicited by renal pathology. Moreover, we suggest that the fat-dependency of DWI parameters may be corrected by estimating the MR signal of excessive fat using heavily diffusion-weighted images. Assuming that an unattenuated fat signal acts as an independent compartment, we formulated our model by adding a third exponential decay term to the bi-exponential IVIM model to account for the contribution of fat: (1) In our notation, C and are the fractions of extravascular water and fat in the DWI signal intensity. Dfast, Dslow, andDfat are diffusion coefficients for extravascular water (pure-diffusivity), intravascular flow-dependent component (pseudo-diffusion), and fat, respectively. The product of the fat diffusion coefficient and the b-values, over the conventional range of b-values is small such that the exponential part of the third term can be approximated by one. This simplifies the last term in Equation (1) to a constant signal offset as follows: (2) Considering that at higher b-values (~1000 s/mm2) conventionally used in DWI, the water-component of the signal intensity decays to nearly a few percent of its value at b0 (b=0 s/mm2), while the fat-related fraction (FRF), f, remains nearly unattenuated over the imaging b-value spectrum, the magnitude of FRF and its impact on calculated DWI parameters becomes significant. I. Simulations Simulations in this study pursued four aims. First, to show that in the absence of fat signal, the three-compartment model (TCM) reduces to IVIM. This would essentially verify that a non-zero FRF is not merely a result of overfitting the data of an intrinsically two-compartment system into a three-compartment model, and in fact represents a third independent compartment. Second, to investigate the influence of FRF, as illustrated in equation (1), on the diffusion parameters calculated using the bi-exponential IVIM model. Third, to examine the effect of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on the accuracy of DWI parameters assessed using IVIM and TCM, particularly since increasing the degrees of freedom in TCM per se reduces the stability of the regularization methods. Finally, to test if in the presence of fat signal the DWI parameters calculated using IVIM and TCM would be b-value dependent. We simulated the total MR signal using the TCM, including fast and slow decays associated with intra- and extravascular fluid, as well as the FRF signal as a third compartment. Simulations were performed for diffusion parameters similar to DWI values reported for the kidney (10), over a range of FRFs (0-10%) and SNRs (2.5-50dB) (Table 1). IVIM and TCM were used to extract DWI parameters. In TCM, the total MR signal intensity for all b-values was subtracted by the signal intensity from the corresponding voxel of the high b-value (>2500 s/mm2) image, and the data were then fitted to a bi-exponential model. Table 1 shows the values used in the simulations. To verify the b-value dependency, DWI parameters were calculated from a set of b-values with the highest value being either 600, 1000, or 2000 s/mm2. II. Animal study All animal procedures followed the Guideline for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1996) and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Mayo Clinic. Fourteen domestic swine in this study were fed ad lib for 16 weeks. Seven animals consumed a normal diet (Controls) and the other half (Obese) a high fat/carbohydrate diet (5B4L; Purina Test Diet, Richmond, IN) containing (in % kcal) 17% protein, 20% complex carbohydrates, 20% fructose, and 43% fat and supplemented with 2% cholesterol and 0.7% sodium cholate. We have recently shown that this diet induces obesity and adiposity (20). Diffusion-weighted MRI scans were performed at the completion of diet. Renal volume and hemodynamics were assessed 2-3 days apart from MR scans, using multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT). Prior to each in vivo study animals were anesthetized (Telazol 5mg/kg and xylazine 2mg/kg in saline), and anesthesia maintained with intravenous ketamine (0.2 mg/kg/min) and xylazine (0.03 mg/kg/min) (for CT), or inhaled 1-2% isoflurane (for MRI) throughout the course of imaging. Blood pressure was measured using an arterial catheter during the MDCT scanning session. Animals were injected with 10cc of heparin and euthanized with a lethal intravenous dose of sodium pentobarbital (100 mg/kg) a few days after the in vivo studies. Then the kidneys were removed and immersed in saline containing heparin. The tissue was stored at -80 °C or preserved in formalin for histology. a. Diffusion-weighted Imaging (DWI) DWI was performed on a 3T scanner (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) using a torso array coil. Images were collected using a single-shot echo-planar sequence with bipolar gradient. In all animals, 4-6 coronal slices in oblique planes were collected for b-values 50, 100, 200, 300, 600, 800 and 1000 s/mm2. MR parameters were set to TR/TE 1800/79ms, field of view 35cm, Bandwidth 648Hz/pixel, Number of averages 3, slice thickness 2.5mm, and matrix size 128128. All acquisitions were performed during suspended respiration. b. MDCT imaging Renal hemodynamics were assessed from contrast-enhanced MDCT images, as previously detailed (21). A pigtail catheter was advanced through the left jugular vein to the superior vena cava to inject contrast media during the scan. Then animals were moved to MDCT unit (Somatom Sensation 64; Siemens Medical Solutions, Forchheim, Germany). Following localization of the kidneys, a bolus of iopamidol (0.5 ml/kg over 2s) was injected, and after a 3-second delay, 140 consecutive scans were acquired over approximately 3 minutes. After the flow scan and an additional contrast injection, a volume study was performed. Axial images were acquired at helical acquisition with thickness of 0.6mm and resolution of 512512, and reconstructed at 5mm thickness. c. Lipid Panel Lipid (total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipid (HDL)) was measured (Roche) at the Mayo Immunochemical Core Laboratory from blood samples, and low-density lipid (LDL) was calculated. d. Morphological Studies Images were acquired using an ApoTome microscope (Carl ZEISS SMT, Oberkochen, Germany). Renal fibrosis was quantified by colorimetric measurements in 5 µm slides stained for trichrome. Tubular dilation was measured in Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stained slides counterstained with Hemotoxylin. Intracellular lipid accumulation was assessed by colorimetric measurements in Oil-Red-O stained slides from frozen tissue counterstained with Hematoxylin. III. Human study The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Mayo Clinic, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) guidelines. All patients provided written informed consent before enrollment. Fifteen patients with essential hypertension (EH) were recruited from an on-going study, to study the effect of renal fat on DWI parameters. Patients were divided in two groups based on their BMI: an obese group (n=10, BMI≠¥30kg/m2) and a lean group (n=5, BMI 20-25kg/m2). Additionally, diffusion parameters assessments in healthy vs. impaired (post-stenotic) kidneys, with and without fat correction, were compared in eight patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS), and five healthy controls. a. DWI In patients 3-8 axial images were acquired on 3T scanner (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI and Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany) with MR parameters TR/TE, Bandwidth, Slice thickness, matrix size, and b-values were set to 2000-2400/60-94ms, 1953 Hz/pixel, 7mm, 128128 or 160160, and 100, 300, 600, 900 (s/mm2) in the first study with EH patients. In ARAS and Control subjects the TR/TE were 2600-4286/59-112ms. Pure-diffusivity was calculated from b-values ≠¥300 s/mm2 and fat-related fraction was assessed from high b-values, 2000-2500 s/mm2. b. Clinical parameters and Lipid Panel Clinical and laboratory parameters including age, sex, weight, BMI, blood pressure, serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and lipid panel levels were evaluated at study entry by standard procedures. IV. Data analysis a. DWI Pixel-by-pixel maps of quantitative indices of mono-exponential model, ADC, and bi- and tri-exponential models, IVIM and TCM parameters, respectively, were generated (Figure 1), as shown previously (22). The threshold for fast vs. slow components was set to 300s/mm2 in both animal and patient studies (23). Large cortical regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn on b0 DWI images and transferred to the maps as detailed before (22). Mean values of ADC and IVIM parameters were calculated by averaging values in all corresponding ROIs for all slices in the subject. b. MDCT Using contrast-enhanced MDCT in animals, single-kidney volume, GFR, perfusion, and renal blood flow (RBF) were calculated. To calculate renal function and hemodynamics, the cortical and medullary signal attenuation vs. time curves were fitted to an extended Γ-variate model. Regional blood volumes and mean transit times were calculated to estimate cortical and medullary perfusion and blood flows (products of perfusion and the corresponding volumes). Total RBF was assessed as the sum of cortical and medullary flows. Finally, GFR was evaluated using the slope of the cortical proximal tubular curve, as previously shown (21). Data Analysis software All analyses were performed in MATLAB ® (MathWork, Natick, MA, USA) and Analyzeâ„ ¢ (Biomedical Imaging Resource, Mayo Clinic, MN, USA). V. Statistical Analysis Simulation results are shown as mean  ± STD, and in vivo results as Median [First Quartile Third Quartile]. Minimum sample size was calculated using power analysis for minimum power value of 0.8. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney was used for comparison among groups. For p values

Googles Recruitment And Selection Process Commerce Essay

Googles Recruitment And Selection Process Commerce Essay Google Inc., the worlds largest and most popular search engine company, is also one of the most sought after companies in the world. According to Young, C. (2009), due to the popularity of the company caused by its highly attractive compensation and benefits packages for its employees, millions of job applications are constantly received by Google on an annual basis. While other companies envy Google for attracting and acquiring such highly-talented and highly-skilled individuals from all over the world, the company finds it as a serious cause of dilemma. When Google Inc. topped the ranks for the most popular companies in the world, it could no longer contain the number of applications it receives from thousands of job hunters from all over the globe. And since the company aims to hire only the best employees that fit the organizational culture and standards of Google, the company started thinking of ways to better improve its recruitment and selection process for its would-be employees (Young, C., 2009). In an article released in New York Times in 2007, Google Inc shared its non-traditional, highly creative and unconventional approach of selecting and hiring employees. Initially, the Google management sought the aid of its highly-competent and well-skilled technical staff in order to find ways to quickly go through and review the millions of applications it stored in its recruitment database (Young, C., 2009). The Google Inc management also decided to focus on the distinct behavioral characteristics and personality that separates Google employees from any other employees in other known companies. It shifted its focus from academic qualifications and technical experiences to the applicants personality, creativity, leadership capacities, innovative and non-conventional ways of thinking and the applicants overall exposure to the world. The academic qualifications and the intensive job experience just came in as second priorities of the company in choosing the best candidates for any open positions. Since then, the Google Inc company not only became known for its outstanding and luxurious job compensation and benefits packages it offers its employees, but also in making use of some of the most powerful recruitment assessment tools capable of picking the best employees in the world that fit the standards set by Google. The Google Recruitment Process One of the most notable statements of Eric Schmidt, the CEO of Google Inc. is that Google invests in people. The main reason why people from different cultures, have been dreaming of being recruited and hired by Google is that the company offers possibly the most outstanding job compensation packages any normal employee could ever enjoy. In order to attract the best employees, Google draws them by the promise of wealth and luxury, providing their employees with almost everything an employee could possibly need, from absurdly high compensations to extravagant and luxurious benefits like gourmet food, carwash, gym, snacks, exercise classes, dry cleaning services, car services, haircuts, oil changes, massages, checkups and many more, all for free (People Professionals, 2009) Nevertheless, the recruitment process was also far beyond ordinary. Several people who have had experience in the Google recruitment process narrates that the experience was totally nerve-wracking. One applicant who underwent interviews for Google has had five to seven interviews in one day for two to three straight days. That applicant claims that the interviews were really tough with some of the brightest people in the world, conducting the interviews filled with brain teasers, algorithmic problems, and IQ tests (Psabilla, 2006). Another applicant who also have had experiences in the recruitment process of Google claims that his Google experience was one of the most nerve-wracking adventures of his life. The interviewers were looking for extremely bright individuals and so the recruitment method was filled with IQ tests, brain teasers, algorithms, data structures, and a lot of mathematics involved in it. The Google Selection Process According to Sullivan (2007), Google is no doubt the worlds best recruitment leader. Google is known for various unique approaches that it has utilized in order to attract the cream of the crop or the best of the bests. One way is through employment branding. Google has so successfully utilized their brand in order to attract the most talented and highly-competent individuals in the world. Because of their claim of providing the best employee-employer experience supported by the many perks, benefits and high salaries that Google employees get to enjoy, Google became the most desired companies for men and women in the world. While the work and job responsibilities in Google are not that easy, the stock options benefit is one of the key drivers of retention and continuous acquisition of the best employees for this company. In 2007, employee turn-over at Google was reportedly less than 5% which was simply phenomenal. People didnt want to leave the company because the amazing provisions and benefits that the company offers its employees. Moreover, the creative approaches of Google when it comes to hiring and retaining employees were simply exceptional. Employees claim that money was never an issue for Google in terms of utilizing it to take care of its employees (Sullivan, 2007). One notable recruitment technique that Google utilized in 2006 was the targeted and unobtrusive approach to sending recruitment messages. Sullivan (2007) states that Google crafted a simple technique to recruit the best students in certain schools and universities to work for them. They allowed people from these schools to access the search portal of Google wherein the students IP address would be identified to see from what organization the person belongs into. The technique was successfully executed using a minimalist and unobtrusive style of recruitment wherein below the search box, the Google system would know whether the targeted student is graduating or not and whether or not they intend to work for Google after graduation. The approach was definitely a successful micro-targeted approach. It was also in the same year when Google opened up to the idea of an Employee Referral Program. In putting up this program, Google made sure that it would deliver them a world-class employee w hose personality, qualifications and work ethics reflect the Google standards. A year passed by and Googles attempts for recruitment innovations continued to improve. In 2007, Google developed a simple and effective assessment tool to screen its millions of applicants all over the world via an algorithm assessment tool. The algorithm technique effectively separated the top and the best performers from thousands of candidates vying for a position. Moreover, the assessment tool was made sure to successfully predict the best possible candidates from the least and the average and has managed to resolve the issue on the usual assessment tools being used by most companies, relying mainly on the academic qualifications and intensive industry and job experience. Truly, what separates the Google recruitment process from the typical and the usual recruitment methodologies that other companies employ is its ability to accurately identify the best candidates for the position using a more data-based and scientific approach to the recruitment process. Also, it has significantly reduced the reliability of interviews, which for most companies, serves as the final indicator of how well an employee will perform at work. Furthermore, the algorithm approach which is a common business model that the company employs was effectively used to assess whether potential candidates can indeed perform given the high performance standards of Google. Deutschman (2005) wrote in an article that the secret to be selected as a Google employee is that one has to think a lot like an engineer. Apparently, Google expects their employees to be highly quantitative and highly analytical as well as highly capable of dealing with too many data all at the same time. During the interviews, an applicant must also be able to demonstrate his skill or capacity by writing codes, intelligently analyzing case studies and brain teasers and solving algorithmic problems on the spot. Also, Google is searching for applicants who are highly practical and are capable of making something out of nothing that people can make use of. The Google Interview Process Since Google is known to be the ultimate recruitment and selection machine, its interview processes are also the most grueling experiences an applicant could ever have. Usually, the interviews begin using the telephone. Once the phone interviews conducted have been successful, the applicant would be scheduled by the recruitment officer and be invited for a series of five to ten interviews in one day with ten different people. For some people who have successfully undergone this process, they described it as the most excruciating employment experience of their lives as a lot of mental gymnastics were necessary to prove your skills (Kopytoff, V., 2005). There were many instances when the applicants were asked to write codes, brain storm, role play or solve mathematical equations on the spot just to prove that they are highly-skilled and competent. In other instances, the applicants are even tested of their marketing skills even though the position an applicant is applying for is highly technical. The interviewers seem to have control and power over the applicants letting them do everything just to prove that they are worthy for the position. Common questions involved computer network problems, Java programming and algorithms by which Google is known for. Moreover, other applicants can rate and share comments on another applicant which Google can track and use as another basis for hiring or not hiring an applicant. Overall, the process was a lengthy, tedious and nerve-wracking experience which can possibly traumatize anyone whose dream is to work for one of the most prestigious companies in the world. Nevertheless, the perks and benefits are limitless and are more than enough to compensate for such a tough employment experience.

Ghost Children of San Antonio Essay -- Urban Legends Ghost Stories

Ghost Children of San Antonio The legend of the Ghost Children of San Antonio dates back to the first half of the 20th century, with the majority of accounts placing its origins within a period extending from the 1930’s to the 1950’s. The story is based on a supposed freak accident involving a school bus full of children. As the story goes, the school bus stalled over a set of train tracks and was subsequently hit by an oncoming freight train, killing everyone on board the bus. (Weiser) Not soon after this grisly event, it was said that, should anyone park their car on the very same train tracks and place the gears in neutral, the car will roll uphill (seemingly defying gravity) off of the train tracks to a safe distance away. According to legend, the ghosts of the dead children from the bus accident push one’s car to safety (seemingly uphill) so they may avoid a similar fate. (Mikkelson) This story was recounted to me by a 20 year old female student at my University. She is a Communications major, coming from an upper middle class family in the rural suburbs of New Jersey. I interviewed her in her apartment sometime in the late afternoon in an informal setting. Although she is skeptical about things such as urban legends and ghost tales, she explained to me that this story always unsettled her in an inexplicable way. Yeah, there’s one [story] that’s pretty scary that comes to mind. My one friend [name omitted] – I think you met her once – well she moved to Jersey from Texas about 3 years ago and told me about this place kids would go when they were drunk or just looking for something to do. I asked her if she’d ever been there, but she told me she’d only heard it from a friend of a friend kind of deal. Well, an... ... that the story is representative of how all ghosts behave. Society prefers to consider ghosts as â€Å"protectors† or â€Å"helpers† rather than as â€Å"frighteners† or â€Å"killers.† Works Cited Juliano, Dave. "Haunted Places in Maryland." The Shadowlands Ghosts and Hauntings. 09 Apr. 2006. http://theshadowlands.net/ghost/. Lane, Stephanie. "Cry Baby Bridges." Dead Ohio. 09 Apr. 2006 www.deadohio.com. Mikkelson, Barbara. "Helping Hands." Snopes. 24 Mar 2003. Urban Legends Reference Pages. 09 Apr. 2006. www.snopes.com. Sceurman, Mark. Weird U.S. Weird NJ, Inc. 09 Apr. 2006. www.weirdus.com. Wagner, Stephen. "The Haunted Railroad Crossing." About Paranormal. About, Inc. 09 Apr. 2006. http://paranormal.about.com. Weiser, Kathy. "Lone Star Legends: Ghostly Children." Legends of America. Oct 2005. Legends of America.com. 09 Apr. 2006. www.legendsofamerica.com.

Almost High : My Experience At The Homecoming Dance :: essays research papers

It's Saturday night and I'm in my snug but not skin tight blue spaghetti strap floor length dark royal blue dress, all ready to go out to a very fancy restuarant. Old Country Buffet. As my friend and I climb out of my car in a classy like fashion, we realize that the line to Old COuntry Buffet is at least 50 meters long. "Oh My God." I say as my lipstick chalked lips fall to the floor. Glancing over at a fast-food pizza restaurant, my friend and I look at each other. "Uh huh." We both say. Pizza is better than some buffet anyway, I thought. About five minutes later, some friends of hours emerge from the middle of the centidpede like line and come up to us. I almost jumped in hyperness. "WHazzzzzzup?" I say in such a polite way, sticing my tougue out in my dress. My friends and I eat at the small cafe-like tables provided in the indoor mall, trying not to smear pizza all over our faces before we got to the dance. Walking across the street to the school, the caffeine from the large Coke was already racing through my blood stream. Hyper as anything and almost jumping my friends began to think I got high before the dance, like most everyone else. By the time we got to the dance in the cafeteria, the music was pumping, people dancing their butts off, and me, hyper as anything. I was anything but bored. Ready to start jumping as soon as I got there, I raced into the cafeteria and brought my friend , Jimmy , with me. I had never felt so energized at a social event. I felt as if the music was literally flowing through my veins, pulsing with every move, and I was...high. But I wasn't. I was normal but I felt like I was high. Did being high feel like this? Had I had too much caffeine? Damn! I have to suck some helium out of those floating balloons! THe thoughs would not stop racing. Although I had never been to a rave, I thought that this dance felt like one. Euphoric, and as energized as a duracell battery after about 24 hours of charging, I hadn't checked my watch for at least two hours. About an hour later, I took a break to get some soda and some fresh , dry air.

Barbados Revolt 1816 Essay

There were 2 main leaders of the Barbados Revolt of 1816, they were Bussa who was a free man in Africa and was brought to the Caribbean in the transatlantic slave trade which was indeed traumatizing. the other leader was Nanny Grigg. Causes The causes of the 1816 revolt in Barbados are: 1. The British Slave Trade was abolished in 1807 and the slaves mistook it for emancipation. There was a registry or registration bill or also called the registration of slaves {1812-1815} in which planters or owners had to register their slaves, this was passed so as to stop excessive punishment as well as the illegal sale of slaves. The planters were infuriated over the passing of this bill and saw it as interference in their domestic affairs. The slaves misinterpreted this as being angry about a plan for their emancipation. 2. A free colored man called Washington Franklin read newspaper reports of the anti-slavery debates. 3. Harsh treatment inflicted by white society-desire for permanent freedom and revenge. 4. Some slaves who were literate such as Nanny Grigg, had access to local and English newspapers from which they learnt about what was happening in England Haiti and elsewhere. 5. An able leader emerged among the slave that is Bussa, an African born slave. 6. This revolt was mainly fueled by the planters’ refusal to accept the Slave Registration Bill, the fact that the slaves felt their Emancipation was being withheld from them and the ideas of freedom and equality being cultivated in the minds of the slaves’ mind by non-conformists Missionaries. 7. The slaves believed emancipation had been granted, mistaking it for the Registration Bill (which stated that all slaves had to be accounted for, so no smuggling went on) and revolted. *Slaves in Barbados enjoyed some measure of freedom; this measure of freedom helped them to organize the revolt. Effects/Results 1. The missionaries were kicked out of Barbados – This help to turn the British public opinion against the planters and made people in Britain more favorable to emancipation – Humanitarians were encourage increasing their activity to bring down slavery 2. Planters became fearful 3. Several hundred slaves were killed Bussa Bussa, (also recorded as Bussa, or Busso or Bussoe) was born in Africa but captured and brought to Barbados to work as a slave on Bayleys Plantation in the southern parish of St Philip. (Today, the plantation’s ‘Great House’ is still standing and become the residence and recording studio of international musician Eddy Grant) His birth date remains unknown, however it is thought that he arrived in Barbados as an adult. On the plantation Bussa worked as a domestic slave, a head-ranger at Bayleys and did not experience the intense hardships that the field slaves endured. Domestic slaves generally considered themselves above the field slaves and some even exposed plans of slave rebellions to their ‘masters’ in order to gain favour. Bussa however, despite his ‘privileged’ position, helped to plan for months in advance. The slaves rebellions were born out of a strong desire to overthrow the oppressive white plantocracy and claim their freedom. It is said that plans for the rebellion began after the House of Assembly’s rejection of the Imperial Registry Bill in November 1815. On the night of Good Friday, April 12, 1816, the final preparations were made for the rebellion. At this meeting, it was decided that a mulatto slave Washington Francklyn was intended to become the Governor of the island. On the night of Good Friday, April 12, 1816, the final preparations were made for the rebellion. At this special meeting, it was decided that a mulatto slave Washington Francklyn was supposed to become the Governor of the island. On the morning of Sunday April 14, 1816 Bussa led around 400 slaves Several cane fields were set afire and from Bayley’s Plantation in St Philip the insurrection quickly spread to Christ Church, St George, St Thomas, St Lucy and St Thomas. The white plantation owners were totally caught off guard. The slaves fought valiantly against the troops of the First West India regiment and it was reported The rebellion spread from plantation to plantation until about half of the island was caught up in the insurrection. It took four days for the authorities to regain control. Bussa was killed in battle, and the ringleaders were executed. Although the rebellion ultimately failed, it was never forgotten. In 1985 more than a century later, the Emancipation Statue was erected at the roundabout in Haggatt Hall, St Michael. In 1999, Bussa was named as one of the national heroes of Barbados. and there is also a national holiday ‘Emancipation Day’, which celebrates the emancipation of the slaves.

Chemistry Life in Daily Life Essay

Introduction Fluorine has the government none of being the just about labile of solely the subdivisions, with the highest electr binglegativity value on the half-hourly table. Be reach of this, it proved extremely difficult to seize. Davy set-back identified it as an element, however was embittered bit arduous unsuccessfully to decompose heat content fluoride. Two premature(a) pill rollers were also afterwardsward pois stard in similar attempts, and one of them died as a result. French chemist Edmond Fremy (1814-1894) really nearly succeeded in isolating atomic spot 9, and though he fai take to do so, he godly his student Henri Moissan (1852-1907) to continue the project.One of the problems re recently in isolating this extremely reactive element was the fact that it tends to attack whatsoever container in which it is placed most metals, for instance, allow for burst into fervidnesss in the presence of fluorine. want the any(prenominal) early(a)s f orwards him, Moissan set about to isolate fluorine from hydrogen fluoride by manner of electrolysisthe role of an electric current to ca utilize a chemical substance reaction scarce in doing so, he apply a platinum-iridium alloy that resisted attacks by fluorine. In 1906, he received the Nobel Prize for his trim, and his technique is lighten utilize today in limited form.Properties And Uses Of Fluorine A pale cat valium splash of low density, fluorine domiciliate assent with all elements except any(prenominal) of the noble gases. Even pissing will burn in the presence of this extremely reactive substance. Fluorine is also extremely toxic, and female genital organ ca hire severe ruin on contact, yet it also exists in ill-treatless(prenominal) changes, in general in the min successionl distinguishn as fluorspar, or calcium fluoride. The latter gives off a light light (fluorescence is the term for a compositors case of light not accompanied by heat), and fluorin e was take a shitd for the mineral that is one of its monger hosts.Beginning in the 1600s, hydrofluoric acid was apply for etching glass, and is still utilize for that usance today in the manufacture of products such as light myelins. The oil diligence usages it as a catalysta substance that speeds on a chemical reactionto increase the octane flake in gasoline. Fluorine is also employ in a polymer comm lonesome(prenominal) known as Teflon, which provides a non-stick go up for frying pans and other cooking- cerebrate products. Just as centiliter dictum service in sphere contend I, fluorine was enlisted in World contend II to create a sleeve farther more terrifying than poison gas the atomic bomb.Scientists working on the Manhattan Project, the United States effort to develop the bombs dropped on Japan in 1945, needed intumescent quantities of the uranium-235 isotope. This they obtained in large break open by diffusion of the compound uranium hexafluoride, which consists of molecules containing one uranium atom and six fluorine anions. Fluoridation Of Water Long before World War II, health officials in the United States noticed that communities having high constriction of fluoride in their drinking water tended to make a often lower relative incidence of tooth decay.In some beas the c one timentration of fluoride in the water supply was high plenty that it stained great deals tee rationaliseg still, at the turn of the centuryan era when dental hygiene as we know it today was still in its early childhoodthe prevention of tooth decay was an attractive prospect. Perhaps, officials surmised, it would be possible to introduce smaller concentrations of fluoride into fellowship drinking water, with a resulting improvement in overall dental health.After World War II, a number of municipalities approximately the United States ndertook the fluoridation of their water supplies, employ concentrations as low as 1 ppm. Within a few years, f luoridation became a hotly debated topic, with proponents pointing to the potential health benefits and opponents arguing from the standpoint of issues not straight off multiform in science. It was an invasion of face-to-face liberty, they said, for governments to force citizens to drink water which had been supplemented with a foreign substance. During the 1950s, in fact, fluoridation became associated in some circles with Communism vertical other manifestation of a government trying to control its citizens.In later years, campaignically, antifluoridation efforts became associated with groups on the political left kinda than the right. By indeed, the argument no interminable go approximately around the issue of government personnel instead the concern was for the health risks touch in introducing a substance lethal in large doses. Fluoride had meanwhile gained drill in toothpastes. Colgate took the lead, introducing stannous fluoride in 1955. terzetto years later, the company launched a memorable advertising campaign with commercials in which a little girl showed her mother a report card from the dentist and denote Look, MaNo cavities Within a few years, virtually all brands of toothpaste apply fluoride however, the use of fluoride in drinking water remained polemic. As late as 1993, in fact, the issue of fluoridation remained heated exuberant to spawn a study by the U. S. National Research Council. The council found some improvement in dental health, unless not as large as had been claimed by early proponents of fluoridation. Furthermore, this improvement could be explained by reference to a number of other factors, including fluoride in toothpastes and a broadly heightened awareness of dental health among the U.S. populace.Chlorofluoro carbon copys other controversial application of fluorine is its use, along with atomic number 17 and carbon, in chlorofluorocarbons. As state above, CFCs demand been apply in refrigerants and propell ants other application is as a blowing cistron for polyurethane foam. This continued for several decades, unless in the 1980s, environmentalists became concerned over depletion of the ozone storey high in balls atmosphere. Unlike ordinary oxygen (O 2 ), ozone or O 3 is receptive of absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, which would other be harmful to pitying life.It is believed that CFCs catalyze the conversion of ozone to oxygen, and that this whitethorn explain the ozone hole, which is specially noticeable over the Antarctic in September and October. As a result, a number of countries signed an agreement in 1996 to eliminate the manufacture of halocarbons, or substances containing halogens and carbon. Manufacturers in countries that signed this agreement, known as the Montreal Protocol, digest actual CFC substitutes, most notably hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), CFC-like compounds also containing hydrogen atoms.The ozone- storey question is far from settled, h owever. Critics argue that in fact the depletion of the ozone layer over Antarctica is a natural occurrence, which may explain why it only occurs at certain times of year. This may also explain why it happens primarily in Antarctica, far from any place where universe admit been using CFCs. (Ozone depletion is far less signifi goatt in the Arctic, which is frequently walk-to(prenominal) to the population centers of the industrialized world. ) In any case, natural sources, such as outlet eruptions, continue to add halogen compounds to the atmosphere.Introduction atomic number 17 is a highly poisonous gas, greenish- color in color, with a sharp smell that induces strangling in military man. Yet, it privy combine with other elements to form compounds safe for clement consumption. intimately guiding light among these compounds is table salt, which has been used as a food preservative since at to the lowest degree 3000 B. C. Salt, of course, occurs in nature. By contrast, the first centilitre compound do by humans was probably hydrochloric acid, created by dissipation hydrogen chloride gas in water.The first scientist to work with hydrochloric acid was Persian physician and alchemist Rhazes (ar-Razi c. 64-c. 935), one of the most outstanding scientific minds of the gothic period. Alchemists, who in some ways were the precursors of square chemists, believed that base metals such as iron could be turned into gold. Of course this is not possible, but alchemists in about 1200 did at least succeed in dissolving gold using a admixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids known as cobalt ultramarine regia. The first modern scientist to work with atomic number 17 was Swedish chemist Carl W. Scheele (1742-1786), who also find a number of other elements and compounds, including barium, manganese, oxygen, ammonia, and glycerin.However, Scheele, who uninvolved it in 1774, thought that chlorine was a compound only in 1811 did incline chemist Sir Humphry Davy ( 1778-1829) identify it as an element. another(prenominal) chemist had suggested the recognise halogen for the alleged compound, but Davy suggested that it be called chlorine instead, after the classical word chloros , which indicates a sickly yellow color. Uses Of Chlorine The dangers involved with chlorine meet made it an effective substance to use against stains, plants, animalsand even human beings.Chlorine gas is highly irritating to the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and lungs, and it can be detected in pipeline at a concentration of only 3 parts per million (ppm). The concentrations of chlorine used against troops on twain sides in World War I (beginning in 1915) was, of course, overmuch higher. Thanks to the use of chlorine gas and other antipersonnel agents, one of the most chilling images to go forth from that conflict was of changeiers succumbing to poisonous gas. Yet just as it is harmful to humans, chlorine can be harmful to microbes, thereof preserving hu man life.As early as 1801, it had been used in solutions as a antimicrobial in 1831, its use in hospitals made it effective as a weapon against a cholera epidemic that move across Europe. Another well-known use of chlorine is as a bleaching agent. Until 1785, when chlorine was first put to use as a bleach, the only way to put up stains and unwanted colors out of textiles or paper was to expose them to sunlight, not always an effective method.By contrast, chlorine, still used as a bleach today, can be highly effectivea good reason not to use regular old-fashioned bleach on anything other than white wearable. Since the 1980s, makers of bleaches have highly-developed all-color versions to brighten and take out stains from clothing of other colors. ) Calcium hydrocholoride (CaOCl), both a bleaching powder and a germicidal used in swimming pools, combines both the disinfectant and bleaching properties of chlorine. This and the others discussed here are just some of many, many compo unds formed with the highly reactive element chlorine. Particularly notableand controversialare compounds involving chlorine and carbon. Chlorine And extreme CompoundsChlorine bonds well with organic substances, or those containing carbon. In a number of instances, chlorine becomes part of an organic polymer such as PVC (polyvinyl chloride), used for making synthetical pipe. Chlorine polymers are also employ in making synthetic rubber, or neoprene. Due to its resistance to heat, oxidation, and oils, neoprene is used in a number of automobile parts. The bonding of chlorine with substances containing carbon has become increasingly controversial be prepare of concerns over health and the environment, and in some cases chlorine-carbon compounds have been outlawed.Such was the destiny of DDT, a pesticide soluble in fats and oils rather than in water. When it was discovered that DDT was carcinogenic, or cancer-causing, in humans and animals, its use in the United States was outlawed. Other, less well-known, chlorine-related insecticides have withal been banned due to their potential for harm to human life and the environment. Among these are chlorine-containing materials once used for dry newing. Also notable is the role of chlorine in chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which have been used in refrigerants such as Freon, and in propellants for aerosol sprays.CFCs tend to vaporise easily, and concerns over their effect on Earths atmosphere have led to the phasing out of their use.Introduction Bromine is a foul-smelling reddish-brown liquid whose note is derived from a classical word sum stink. With a boiling point much lower than that of water137. 84F (58. 8C)it readily transforms into a gas. equivalent other halogens, its vapors are highly irritating to the eyes and throat. It is found primarily in deposits of brine, a solution of salt and water. Among the most significant brine deposits are in Israels Dead Sea, as well as in are and Michigan.Credit for the i solation of atomic number 35 is unremarkably given to French chemist Antoine-Jerome Balard (1802-1876), though in fact German chemist Carl Lowig (1803-1890) actually isolated it first, in 1825. However, Balard, who promulgated his results a year later, provided a much more detailed explanation of atomic number 35s properties. The first use of bromine actually predated both men by several millennia. To make their famous purplish dyes, the Phoenicians used murex mollusks, which contained bromine. (Like the names of the halogens, the word Phoenicians is derived from Greekin this case, a word importation red or purple, which referred to their dyes.Today bromine is also used in dyes, and other modern uses include applications in pesticides, disinfectants, medicines, and flame retardants. At one time, a compound containing bromine was widely used by the petroleum industry as an one- smutchensional for gasoline containing lead. Ethylene di platitude reacts with the lead released by g asoline to form lead bromide (PbBr 2 ), referred to as a scavenger, because it tends to clean the emissions of lead-containing gasoline. However, leaded gasoline was phased out during the late 1970s and early 1980s as a result, demand for ethylene dibromide dropped considerably. Halogen LampsThe name halogen is probably familiar to most people because of the term halogen lamp. Used for automobile headlights, spotlights, and floodlights, the halogen lamp is much more effective than ordinary incandescent light. Incandescent heat-producing light was first developed in the 1870s and improved during the early part of the twentieth century with the replacement of carbon by watt as the headway material in the filament, the ambit that is heated. tungsten proved much more constant than carbon when heated, but it has a number of problems when combined with the gases in an incandescent myelin.As the light bulb continues to burn for a period of time, the tungsten filament begins to thin and will eventually break. At the similar time, tungsten begins to accumulate on the surface of the bulb, dimming its light. However, by adding bromine and other halogens to the bulbs gas fillingthus making a halogen lampthese problems are alleviated. As tungsten evaporates from the filament, it combines with the halogen to form a vaporish compound that circulates within the bulb. Instead of depositing on the surface of the bulb, the compound remains a gas until it comes into contact with the filament and breaks down.It is then redeposited on the filament, and the halogen gas is free to combine with newly evaporated tungsten. Though a halogen bulb does eventually break down, it lasts much longer than an ordinary incandescent bulb and destroy with a much brighter light. Also, because of the decreased tungsten deposits on the surface, it does not begin to dim as it nears the end of its life.Introduction rootage isolated in 1811 from ashes of seaweed, iodine has a name derived from the Greek word core violet-coloreda reference to the fact it forms patrician purple crystals.During the 1800s, iodine was obtained commercially from mines in Chile, but during the twentieth century surface of brine in Japan, Oklahoma, and Michigan have proven a better source. Uses And Applications Among the best-known properties of iodine is its importance in the human diet. The thyroid gland produces a growth-regulating internal secretion that contains iodine, and lack of iodine can cause a goiter, a swelling around the neck. Table salt does not of course contain iodine however, atomic number 11 chloride sold in stores usually contains about 0. 01% sodium iodide, added by the manufacturer. ace was once used in the development of photography During the early days of photographic technology, the daguerreotype process used silver plates sensitized with iodine vapors. Iodine compounds are used today in chemical analysis and in entailment of organic compounds.Introduction Just a s fluorine has the distinction of being the most reactive, astatine is the rarest of all the elements. Long after its existence was predicted, chemists still had no mint finding it in nature, and it was only created in 1940 by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles (positively supercharged helium nuclei).The newly isolated element was given a Greek name meaning unstable. Indeed, none of astatines 20 known isotopes is stable, and the longest-lived has a half-life of only 8. 3 hours. This has only added to the difficulties involved in learning about this gothic element, and therefore it is difficult to say what applications, if any, astatine may have. The most promising area involves the use of astatine to treat a condition known as hyperthyroidism, related to an overly active thyroid gland.

Learning Theories Amongst Young Adults

admission The pattern of chooseing has been embedded In all(prenominal) and e really one of us from the popping were born. Since, the beginning of man, breeding has been incorporated Into our very nature whether we ar conscious of It or not from nurture how to control go over to noticing how t palpebra fire provides us with warmth and credential to ward of wild animals. development as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary is the action at law or puzzle out of gaining friendship or skill by studying, practicing, being taught, or experiencing something.Over the historic period, psychologists take a shit come up with unalike theories on how we learn. Marketers have taken these theories and drop them to gain a better mind of how consumers learn and support, in order to fortify better merchandising strategies to satisfy the unavoidably and wants of consumers. This is comm provided known today as consumer behavior. The rapid increases of millennial consumers over the years have Intrigued marketers to further understand and analyses this clean breed of consumers. Hence, to understand their behaviors Is to understand how they learn and serve well Information.There are many ways to learn and along with that, many contrary acquirement theories. In this research, I provide be focusing on third mall acquire theories related to raw openhanded learn and what are the implications of these theories to marketing. Learning Theories of unexampled Adults & How Marketers Apply Them To analyses how youth braggys learn, we have to first understand the term boylike self-aggrandizing. In actuality, there is no translation to the term however it is widely utilise these days to describe an individual who lies at bottom the transition period in the midst of the adolescence to gravidhood period.The term is too ordinaryly employ to better categorize his segment of individuals in researches, studies and even marketing. According to Erosions Stages of Development, the unsalted adult stage ranges between the ages of 18-35 years (Erikson, 1968). receiv up to(p) to the advancements of this ever-changing society, instruction today Is not the same as It was 20-30 years ago. The picture to technology from an early age has neutered the way these dealt natives think and process nurture compared to precedent generations before them (Presents, 2001 Thus, the towards understanding how infantile adults learn. Knowledge is perception Socrates.Learning is no chronic Just a passive soaking up of familiarity (Pigged, 1968), which is passed down from teacher to student. As Benjamin Franklin once said, Tell me and I forget, teach me and I may remember, subscribe to me and I learn. The conventional student-teacher or teach me methods of learning enkindle no longer be applied to the early adults of this generation. Instead, the use of a more than mobile learning method such as cognitive learning is more relevant today. Cognitive learning is a surmise that defines learning as a behavioral change based on the acquisition of culture bout the environment (Mossy, 2009).There are trinity main branches of cognitive learning the iconic rote learning learning, secondary learning and cerebrate or analogy learning. iconic rote learning The first area of cognitive learning we will be tone at is Iconic rote learning. Iconic rote learning is defined as learning the association between both or more concepts in absence seizure seizure of conditioning (Neal, Sequester, Hawkins, 2002). The essence of this concept is repetition, where the think concept is repeated over once more to engage the attention of the think tail end.On the surface, this concept might seem similar to hat of the classical conditioning method which also involves repetition. However, this concept differs from classical conditioning because of the absence of a stimulus- response mechanism, a calculate reinforcement or reward involve d. The come of iconic learning is Just to come along the attention and promote awareness away concept to associate its hear attri butes. young adults today are faced with a continuous partial attention syndrome, where there is an overload of information from the use of technology (Coleman, 2013).It is difficult to teach a teenage adult today in a classroom, specially with the use of smoothness, laptops and gadgets, while at the same time trying to receive information from the speaker or teacher. Moreover, young adults have the trend to be distracted by the apprehension of needing to check their text messages or notifications from loving-media circles. This adhesiveness to technology is the reason why the reposition of an in extended information or concept, has to be protractedly repeated to obtain the perpetual attention or awareness of the intended person, in order for learning to occur.Herbert Simon, a Nobel-winning economist rote Hence a wealth of information creates a mendicancy of attention. Therefore, marketers who understand this theory, hold it to their marketing strategies to attract the attention of young adult consumers. Advertisers use mediums such as goggle box commercials, Youth ads, and print media to create a link between the brand and its key benefits to consumers through iconic rote learning. For example, the extensive repetition and occurrences of a Cataracts advertisement, associates the brand to agiotage coffee.Once consumers have do the connection between Cataracts and premium coffee, consumers will cognitive processing. The front man of these commercials can even be made on digital platforms such as tablets and smoothness through downloaded APS (applications). Hence, with the right sum of money of exposure and occurrence, marketers will be able to capitalize on the distraction of technology to learning and use it to their advantage when marketing young adults through infiltrating popular internet mediums such as Back bone and Youth. Vicarious learning Vicarious learning, also known as observational learning (sometimes called modeling or imitation) is simple learning by sight others and copying their behavior Fletcher and Gorton, 2007). Often apply in conjunction with Bandannas social learning theory, made famous by the depreciator doll experiment considers that children learn complex social behaviors by copying the behaviors of adults. Later on, bandeau acknowledged that learners also play an ready role in the learning process by only choosing models which are lucid with their own personal beliefs and values which set off desired outcomes (Bandeau, 1989).Androgyny, also known as the study of how adults learn, was made popular by Malcolm Knowles who believed that adults are self-directed, purpose-orientated and bring sustenance experiences and knowledge to their learning experience (Knowles, 1989). Hence, it is clear that Bandannas theory not only applies to only children but to young ad ults as well because they only model those who align with their own preceding beliefs and knowledge, to exceed a desired goal or outcome. Thus, marketers who understand these learning theories apply them to their marketing strategies to fade young adult consumers.For instance, popular Swedish retailers H&M use David Beckman (a famous footballer and celebrity) as their brand ambassador and spokesperson for their habilitate line. Young adults who identify and look to Beckman as their role model will tend to imitate him including what he wears in this case. uninflected or reasoning learning analytic or reasoning learning can be defined as an demonstration process that allows consumers to use an existing knowledge base to understand a late situation or object (Hawkins and Motherboards, 2010).In analytic learning, critical reasoning based on existing understanding and knowledge is utilise together with new information or concepts in the learning process. This is common in young adults as they incorporate life experiences and pre-existent knowledge to their learning experience, as mentioned earlier based on the bisexuality study (Knowles, 1989). Simply put, this theory of learning helps young adults use a be knowledge of something that they familiar with, to learn something that which they are not familiar with.Typically, high-involvement products involve more reasoning thinking because consumers are actuate to learn about products that they are enkindle Marketers who understand this theory use it to reach young adult consumers. An example of this is the secure of high-involvement products such as smoothness. Users in Malaysia were between the ages of 25 to 34 (Enterprise News, 2011), hence locomote within the young adult family (Erikson, 1968).The consumer behaviorism model suggests that a typical consumer goes through four stages before buying a product recognition, searching for information, rating of alternatives and finally, the acquire decis ion (Kettle and Keller, 2012). Therefore, in the purchase of a smartened, young adults in Malaysia use analytical or reasoning learning to acquire as much information about the smartened when comparing between brands and sets.Hence, marketers in the smartened industry, should market their smoothness based on emphasizing on the unique specifications and restorability of price in order to gain a comparative advantage over rival brands. If the product attributes align with a previous knowledge or experience, then the young adult will be actuate to learn more about the smartened and at long last decide to purchase it. Conclusion Young adults have become the main target market of marketers. Hence, it is critical to understand how they think, behave and learn.In this assignment I highlighted who young adult are and analyses the different cognitive approaches to learning when it comes to young adults which include iconic rote, vicarious and analytical learning. These learning theories h ave a direct impact on the decision-making process of young adult consumers in purchasing items. I have also devoted real life examples which illustrated and describe the suspend marketing strategies to not only reach but significantly affect and crop the way young adults purchase products.